ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the accumulation of total saponins and ginsenosides (Rg1, Re, and Rb1) during somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration in Panax notoginseng. Methods: The dynamic accumulation of the total saponins and three components of ginsenosides (Rg1, Re, and Rb1) was analyzed by visible spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography methods, respectively. Results: The content of total saponins increased from the minimum at embryogenic callus (2.47%) to the maximum at plantlets (7.79%) during somatic embryogenesis development. Because the different specific growth rate of different materials, total saponins accumulation efficiency sort order: plantlets > earlier embryos > later embryos > embryogenic callus. We also found that the total content of the three ginsenosides (Rg1, Re, and Rb1) reached the maximum (7.05 mg/g) in the later embryos, and the minimum (2.78 mg/g) was in the embryogenic callus. The contents of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 reached their maximum (2.24 and 4.03 mg/g) respectively in the earlier and later embryos, and the maximum (1.21 mg/g) of ginsenoside Re content was in embryogenic callus. The accumulation (1.947 4 mg/g) of the three ginsenosides minimum occurred in plantlets, and the maximum (5.022 5 mg/g) reached in earlier embryos. Conclusion: Both total saponin contents and accumulation efficiency reach the maximum in plantlets. Three ginsenoside contents and accumulation reach the maximum in later and earlier embryos, respectively.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a convenient and rapid method for constructing a digital model of the maxillofacial soft tissue based on three-dimensional laser surface scanning to allow direct and accurate observation of the soft tissue changes in the course of orthodontic treatment.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The point cloud data of three-dimensional laser scanning of the maxillofacial region were acquired from a healthy woman with Angle Class I occlusion, who maintained a horizontal Frankfort plane during scanning with the scanner placed at a distance of 80 cm. The scanning was repeated twice after wearing the dental cast for an Angle Class I occlusion. The three-dimensional digital model of the maxillofacial soft tissue was constructed based on the point cloud using GeoMagic10.0 software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The high-resolution three-dimensional model of the maxillofacial soft tissue reconstructed allowed accurate observation of the distinct facial anatomical landmarks and represented directly the soft tissue changes in the process of orthodontic treatment by merging the models. Using the analytic tool provided by the software, this model also allowed direct quantitative measurement of the nasolabial angle and the distances from the esthetic plane to the upper lip, labral inferior, and mentolabial sulcus, which were 111.86°, -3.57 mm, -2.54 mm, and 3.95 mm before orthodontic treatment as compared to 114.31°, -2.73 mm, -1.06 mm, and 3.46 mm during treatment, and 116.53°, -0.15 mm, 0.64 mm, and 3.11 mm after the treatment, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Three-dimensional laser surface scanning enables accurate and rapid construction of the digital model of the facial soft tissues, which may provide valuable assistance in orthodontic treatment.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Cephalometry , Methods , Face , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Methods , Lasers , Orthodontics, Corrective , Methods , SoftwareABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Observe the clinical effect of removable lingual arch plus auxiliary spring for convenient dental (especially mandibular) arch expansion.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seventeen patients with dental arch constriction complicated by mild dental crowding were enrolled in this study, including 9 requiring maxillary arch expansion and 8 necessitating mandibular expansion. The patients were divided to two groups at random for arch expansion with removable lingual arch plus auxiliary spring and with Quad-helix, respectively, and the effect of arch expansion was compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After 8 weeks of arch expansion, the average width of U4-U4 and U5-U5 in removable lingual arch group was enlarged by 2.2 mm and 3.0 mm, and that in Quad-helix group by 2.3 mm and 3.5 mm, respectively, showing no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05). After 12 weeks of treatment, the average width of L4-L4 and L5-L5 in the former group was enlarged by 2.3 mm and 2.5 mm, respectively, significantly greater than that in the latter group (1.0 mm and 1.2 mm, P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Removable lingual arch plus auxiliary spring allows significant expansion of the middle segment of the dental arch (bicuspids), and can be more effective than Quad-helix for mandibular arch expansion.</p>